![]() ![]() ![]() five times the path that the "Moon" travels on average in one day and one night, to use the terminology of ᶜAbd al-Raḥmān al-Sūfī al-Ṣūfī. In addition to the changes we have just seen in the calendars based on the lunar stations among the Indians and the Arabs, consider the case of an ancient Yemeni calendar in which the months are designated according to an astronomical criterion which caused it to be named Calendar of the Pleiades: the month of ḫams, literally "five", is that during which the Sun and al-Ṯurayyā, ie the Pleiades, deviate away from each other by five movements of the Moon, i.e. So when M45 leaves the vernal point, the asterism still remains important, both functionally and symbolically. And this before their classic calendar, that of the manāzil al-qamar or "lunar stations", also begins with the couple βγ Arietis whose name, الشرطان al- Šaraṭān, is literally "the Two Marks " We find a similar thing among the Ancient Arabs who begin their old parapegma type calendar, that of the anwā, with M45 under the name of الثريّا al-Ṯurayyā.In Greece, the Πλειάδες, are a group whose name is probably functional before having a mythological meaning, as André Lebœuffle points out, who has his preference for the explanation by the Indo-European root * pe/o l-/ pl- which expresses the idea of multiplicity, crowd, assembly.In Mesopotamia, the MUL.APIN compendium, the first known Mesopotamian astronomy treatise, discovered at Nineveh in the library of Assurbanipal and dating from no later than 627 BC., presents a list of gods who stand on "the path of the Moon", a list which begins with mul.MUL.This is so before the classic list lowers this nakṣatra to third place, henceforth giving the first to the couple βγ Arietis which, notably in Hipparchus, at that time ,marks the equinox. In ancient India, it constitutes, in the Atharvaveda, compiled around 1200-1000 BC, the first nakṣatra (Sanskrit name for lunar stations), which is called क्रृत्तिका Kṛittika, a revealing name since it literally means "the Cuttings", i.e.It is also this asterism that indicates the beginning of the ancient calendars. The cluster of seven dots in the upper right portion of the disk is believed to be the Pleiades. and where it is represented beside the Sun and the Moon. The importance of this asterism is also evident in northern Europe, on the Nebra sky disc, dating around 1600 BC. The second, essential for the Ancients, is that in the middle of the third millennium BC., this asterism marked the vernal point. The first, which is still valid, is its unique and perfectly identifiable aspect on the celestial vault near the ecliptic. The M45 group played an important role in ancient times for the establishment of calendars thanks to the combination of two remarkable elements. In reality, the name of the star cluster almost certainly came first, and Pleione was invented to explain it. However, in mythology the name was used for the Pleiades, seven divine sisters, the name supposedly deriving from that of their mother Pleione and effectively meaning "daughters of Pleione". It probably derives from plein ("to sail") because of the cluster's importance in delimiting the sailing season in the Mediterranean Sea: "the season of navigation began with their heliacal rising". The name of the Pleiades comes from Ancient Greek: Πλειάδες. Together with the open star cluster of the Hyades, the Pleiades form the Golden Gate of the Ecliptic. Astronomers estimate that the cluster will survive for about another 250 million years, after which it will disperse due to gravitational interactions with its galactic neighborhood. Ĭomputer simulations have shown that the Pleiades were probably formed from a compact configuration that resembled the Orion Nebula. This dust cloud is estimated to be moving at a speed of approximately 18 km/s relative to the stars in the cluster. Reflection nebulae around the brightest stars were once thought to be left over material from their formation, but are now considered likely to be an unrelated dust cloud in the interstellar medium through which the stars are currently passing. The cluster is dominated by hot blue luminous stars that have formed within the last 100 million years. It is also observed to house the reflection nebula NGC 1432, an HII region. It is the nearest Messier object to Earth, and is the most obvious cluster to the naked eye in the night sky. At a distance of about 444 light years, it is among the nearest star clusters to Earth. ə d iː z, ˈ p l eɪ-, ˈ p l aɪ-/), also known as the Seven Sisters, Messier 45, and other names by different cultures, is an asterism and an open star cluster containing middle-aged, hot B-type stars in the north-west of the constellation Taurus. See also: Open cluster, List of open clusters A color-composite image of the Pleiades from the Digitized Sky SurveyĤ44 ly on average (136.2☑.2 pc)
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